AN ONLINE PLATFORM THAT PROVIDES EDUCATIONAL LEARNING CONTENT THAT IS SYLLABUSES, STUDY NOTES, PAST PAPERS / RESOURCES FOR FORM FIVE AND SIX STUDENTS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS.IT IS ALSO HELPFUL FOR PARENTS & TEACHERS.THE SUBJECTS INCLUDED ARE: ACCOUNTANCY ,AGRICULTURE, BIOLOGY, COMPUTER, ENGLISH LANGUAGE, GENERAL STUDIES,ADVANCED MATHEMATICS, ECONOMICS , KISWAHILI, COMMERCE, HISTORY, PHYSICS, BASIC APPLIED MATHEMATICS, GEOGRAPHY, CHEMISTRY
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LUGHA NA UTAMADUNI---NADHARIA YA SAPIR---WHORF
Mnamo karne ya 20 wanaisimu
mahiri waitwao Edaward Sapir na Benjamin Whorf walitafiti lugha za
Amerindia Amerika kaskazini na kugundua kuwa miundo ya msamiati na ya
kisarufi ya lugha hizi haifanani kabisa na ile ya lugha ya kiingereza na
lugha nyenginezo za Ulaya na Asia. Hivyo wakapendekeza nadharia isemayo
kwamba Lugha hutawala namna ya wazungumzaji wake waionavyo dunia.
Ukichunguza baadhi ya misamiati ya wana lugha fulani utakuta kuwa yapo
maneno pekee yanayowakilisha yale wayaonayo mbele ya macho yao au
mazingira yao tu na kutokuwepo kwa neno kuna maanisha kwamba jambo hilo
halipo ‘machoni’ pao. Sawa na kusema kuwa ‘lisilokuwepo machoni na
moyoni halipo’. Nadharia hiyo ya Sapir- Wholf, inayojulikana kama
nadharia ya Taathira lugha inaunga mkono mawazo ya awali ya Willian von
Humbolt (1767-1835) pale aliposema kuwa ‘lugha ya mtu hutawala mawazo
yake’. Si wote wanaokubaliana moja kwa moja na ule mtazamo kuwa lugha
hufinyanga uoni wetu wa dunia, wao huchukulia kwamba lugha ‘huakisi’
utamaduni wa wazungumzaji wake. Mjadala huu unaendelea na wanafunzi wana
fursa ya kuendelea nao na kuuchambua kwa kufatilia kazi mashuhuri ya
hivi karibuni ya George Lakoff na Mark Johnson (1980) iitwayo Metaphors
We Live By ambayo ina unga mkono mawazo kuwa lugha hutawala uoni wetu wa
mazingira yanayotuzunguuka wanasema kuwa:
Dhana tulizonazo huunda kile tukionacho,
kutuzunguuka na kinachotuhusu. Mfumo wa dhana ndiyo muhimili wa jinsi
tuionavyo dunia yetu ya kila siku.
Nida ( 1986) anasema kuwa, lugha ni
kielelezo cha utamaduni wa wazungumzaji wake na sio muhimili wa uoni
wao. Lugha hufuata jamii na wala si kuingoza jamii hiyo (Nida, 1986:11)
Angalia:
- Lugha ni sauti za nasibu zinazotumiwa na watu katika kuwasiliana miongoni mwao.
- Jamimi ni kundi la watu wanaoishi pamoja na wenye kuhusiana kijamii, kikazi au kiuchumi na yenye kutumia lugha moja kwa ajili ya mawsiliano yao.
- Lugha imefungamana na jamii kiasi kwamba haiwezi kutenganishwa na maisha ya kijamii ya binadamu.
– Lugha ni kielelezo cha mahusiano ya kijamii yaani hueleza jinsi jamii inavyohusiana na mazingira yao halisi na namna wanajamii wanavyohusiana wenyewe kwa wenyewe.
– Lugha hubadilika kulingana na mabadiliko ya kijamii. Pamoja na uhusiano huu baina ya jamii na lugha, hakuna uhusiano wa moja kwa moja baina ya lugha na jamii kwa sababu:
i) Lugha sio lazima iwe ya watu wa jamii ile ile. Mathalani Kiswahili sio lugha ya Waswahili peke yao.
ii) Watu wanaoishi katika nchi sio lazima wawe wa asili ya nchi hiyo, kwa hivyo jina la jamii yao haiwezi kuwiana na lugha wanayoongea.
iii) Lugha moja huwa na vilugha kadha ndani mwake, mathalani lugha ya Kiingereza ina viingereza yaani lahaja kadha, mfano: Kiskochi, Kikoknii, Kilancastar n.k.
iv) Kuna jamii yenye jina tofauti na lugha wanayozungumza, mathalani Marekani hawazungumzi Kimarekani bali Kiingereza, Tanzania kuna Kiswahili na sio Kitanzania
SHAIRI : NAKUENZI KAMBARAGE
SHAIRI : NAKUENZI KAMBARAGE
**********
Siwezi kukukumbuka,
kimya kimya mtukuka,
mwelekezi muafaka,
u wa maana hakika,
ut’endelea tajika,
milele yote milele.
****
Kwa dhati toka moyoni,
ni shahidi Maanani,
Baba ali mhisani,
wa wanyonge niamini,
alikuwa ni makini,
wa haki za binadamu.
****
Nyerere wetu shujaa,
Afrika aliifaa,
wasifa wake wajaa,
yote yote mataifaa,
mengi mema ulifanzaa,
nakuenzi Kambarage.
****
Shukurani Maanani,
kunigea tungo hini,
nikimtaja mwendani,
aliyeko mtimani,
kulla wa bora imani,
amkumbuke Nyerere.
***
Rwaka rwa Kagarama,
Mshairi Mnyarwanda.
**********
Siwezi kukukumbuka,
kimya kimya mtukuka,
mwelekezi muafaka,
u wa maana hakika,
ut’endelea tajika,
milele yote milele.
****
Kwa dhati toka moyoni,
ni shahidi Maanani,
Baba ali mhisani,
wa wanyonge niamini,
alikuwa ni makini,
wa haki za binadamu.
****
Nyerere wetu shujaa,
Afrika aliifaa,
wasifa wake wajaa,
yote yote mataifaa,
mengi mema ulifanzaa,
nakuenzi Kambarage.
****
Shukurani Maanani,
kunigea tungo hini,
nikimtaja mwendani,
aliyeko mtimani,
kulla wa bora imani,
amkumbuke Nyerere.
***
Rwaka rwa Kagarama,
Mshairi Mnyarwanda.
Monday, August 5, 2019
Sunday, June 16, 2019
Monday, June 3, 2019
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Friday, February 8, 2019
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Saturday, February 2, 2019
Monday, January 28, 2019
Thursday, January 17, 2019
OFP 018 : DEVELOPMENT STUDIES---COURSE OUTLINE---FOUNDATION PROGRAMME---THE OPEN UNIVERSITY OF TANZANIA----Institute Of Continuing Education ------PDF
Tuesday, January 15, 2019
Friday, January 11, 2019
Thursday, January 10, 2019
Wednesday, January 9, 2019
Tuesday, January 8, 2019
Monday, January 7, 2019
Saturday, January 5, 2019
Friday, January 4, 2019
Tuesday, January 1, 2019
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